Case Study for Clinical Microbiology A Model Enteric Pathogen

Question: 1. Based on the information presented, what is the primary diagnosis?2. Which of the biochemical tests presented is MOST distinctive for this organism? Why?3. Which of the above test results is most selective/differential for this diagnosis? Why?4. Differentiate between Vi and H serotyping. What is being tested (antibody or antigen) and identify the location of each on the microorganism. Answer: Case study 1-Mariya 1. Ova and parasite analysis of Marias stool revealed the presence of trophozoites with centrally located bands and two eccentrically located nuclei. The cysts were thin-walled, smooth and 8-12 m wide. From this description, it can be interpreted that Maria had a Giardia lambia infection. 2. Marias report shown that that there was absence of C. difficile, the cyst were definitely belongs to some parasitic group. The cysts were oval shaped and the length was also similar to the Giardia cysts, 8-12 m approximately. The distinct nature of the centrally located bands with eccentrically located nuclei and prominent central karyosome showed similarity with Giardia parasite. In addition, her history identified that she had fieldwork in Colorado, where she worked with animals and contaminated water. Giardia lamblia is a water-borne pathogen. Usually, symptoms of giardiasis appear after one to three weeks of infection. The time scaled mached with her externship. 3. The centrally located bands often seen in the identified parasite Giardia lambia, are known as Axostyle. It helps the parasite by providing support and helps in motility. 4. Physician could suspect Cryptosporidium parvum, which is one of the major causes of water-borne disease in US. Cyclospora cayetanensis and Entamoeba histolytica have very similar symptoms, which could be suspected, but these are mainly acquired during travelling to tropical areas. 5. Recommended timing for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites usually varies according to different diagnostic kits. Three specimens are usually collected for increasing the chance of detecting correct parasite, as parasites shed intermittently. However, the procedures should be completed on separate days, separate times (Cheng, 2012). 6. In ova and parasite analysis, both concentrate and permanent stained slides are required. It is because, concentrate wet mount exhibits motility of the parasites, but unable to identify the features of cysts and trophozoites. Wet mounts are easy to perform and faster procedure. On the other hand, the trichrome stained slides help to examine parasitic ova and cyst morphology and allow to preserve the specimen. It also gives the confirmation of parasites identity. 7. When the physician ordered C. difficile, he suspected that the pathogen might passed in feces and transmitted through fecal oral route. Maria was likely to live in an unhygienic environment, when she was working with animals in the sanctuary. On the other hand, C. difficile infection is usually caused because antibiotics destroy normal flora and allows this organism to overgrow. 8. Marias history showed her practice of consuming old antibiotics. In spite of having little stomach ache a diarrhea, however, the antibiotics could have killed the normal flora, which helped the overgrowth of C. difficile. 9. The C. difficile toxin assay is based on the polymerase chain reaction or PCR reaction. In the first step, increasing heat to 95 C, the DNA in the sample are denatured and the strands are separated. In the next step, primers are added at lowered temperature, these primers bind to the specific genes of interest. Then, with heat resistant DNA polymerase enzyme, sequences are copied on each half of the helix (Cheng, 2012). The process is then repeated for 30 to 40 cycles to produce billions of DNA copies. 10. The C. difficile toxin assay is favored over culture, as a method of diagnosing this disease because the culture required 2-3 days to grow. Cutlture method cannot distinguish between colonization and overgrowth of a microorganism. On the other hand, PCR method is faster and provides accurate results. This process is very sensitive towards the toxin B. However, the assay is much costly compared to the conventional culture technique (Wensaas et al., 2012). Case study 2: 22 years old male 1. Based on the information presented in the case study, the primary diagnosis was that the patient was suffering from an enteric disease. The patient revealed that when he was bin India, he experienced watery diarrhea. Other vital signs were normal. His present symptoms were intermittent and generalized sweating with chills, fatigue, myalgia, left parietal headache and malaise. The test results suggested that the organism was a gram-negative non-fecal coliform bacterium. The differential diagnosis, biochemical results and serotyping tests confirmed the presence of S. typhimurium. 2. Within the biochemical tests done for identifying the microorganism in the patients feces, the SIM or the Sulfide-Indole-Motility medium is the best for differentiating the organism from the others similar organisms. It is because, this tests is performed for distinguishing between E. coli and S. enterica. Three distinctive characteristics can be analyzed through this test, the ability to produce sulfide, indole and mortility. E. coli is fecal coliform, thus produce indole, but S. enterica, being a non-fecal coliform, does not produce indole, which is a distinctive feature (Broz, Ohlson Monack, 2012).. On the other hand, Salmonella sp. has the ability to produce H2S, which E. coli cannot. Therefore, this is the most distinctive test. In contrast, TSI gives positive results for Salmonella and Shigella. 3. Within all the tests, including the biochemical, serotyping and susceptibility tests, the most selective or differential test is the setotyping test, the slide agglutination test with Salmonella polyvalent O antigen antiserum and Vi antigen antigen antiserum. It is the test, which can precisely indentify the presence of S. typhi within its other serotypes. As the patients sample showed a negative oxidase, urease and indole test, the sample was tested for agglutination with polyvalent O and Vi antiserum. The agglunitation is seen due to the interaction within specific antigen and antibody, thereby specifiying the organism. The agglutination of the sample O antigen indicates the somatic antigens are present in the antisera (Khan et al., 2012). On the other hand, the agglutination with Vi antiserum indicates the presence of heat sensitive capsule present in S. typhi species. Thus, it is the most distinctive test. 4. The serotyping characterization is done on the basis of immunologic reactivity of two surface structures; the O antigen is the lipopolysaccharide and the H antigen is the flagellin protein. The O antigen is a carbohydrate antigen; it is the most important one for determining serotype. This antigen is found in the LPS of the organism (Khan et al., 2012). On the other hand, H antigen is a protein antigen, found in the flagella of the organism. In both cases, antigen is tested. Reference List Broz, P., Ohlson, M. B., Monack, D. M. (2012). Innate immune response to Salmonella typhimurium, a model enteric pathogen.Gut microbes,3(2), 62-70. Cheng, T. C. (2012).General parasitology. Elsevier. Khan, S., Harish, B. N., Menezes, G. A., Acharya, N. S., Parija, S. C. (2012). Early diagnosis of typhoid fever by nested PCR for flagellin gene of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi.The Indian journal of medical research,136(5), 850. Wensaas, K. A., Langeland, N., Hanevik, K., Mrch, K., Eide, G. E., Rortveit, G. (2012). Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 3 years after acute giardiasis: historic cohort study.Gut,61(2), 214-219.

The Two Foscari Monologue Essay Summary Example For Students

The Two Foscari Monologue Essay Summary A monologue from the play by Lord Byron NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Lord Byron: Six Plays. Lord Byron. Los Angeles: Black Box Press, 2007. MARINA: That\s false! A truer, nobler, trustier heart, More loving, or more loyal, never beat Within a human breast. I would not change My exiled, persecuted, mangled husband, Oppress\d but not disgraced, crush\d, overwhelm\d, Alive, or dead, for prince or paladin In story or in fable, with a world To back his suit. Dishonour\d!—he dishonour\d! I tell thee, Doge, \tis Venice is dishonour\d; His name shall be her foulest, worst reproach, For what he suffers, not for what he did. \Tis ye who are all traitors, tyrant!—ye! Did you but love your country like this victim Who totters back in chains to tortures, and Submits to all things rather than to exile, You\d fling yourselves before him, and implore His grace for your enormous guilt. We will write a custom essay on The Two Foscari Monologue Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Novel and a workhouse Essay Example

Novel and a workhouse Essay Example Novel and a workhouse Essay Novel and a workhouse Essay Source C was written by Charles Dickens who became a famous author and was acutely aware of the social and economic problems of the early nineteenth century so his facts are likely to be reliable. He was alive at the time of the Andover Workhouse scandal so he would have bee aware of the terrible conditions some workhouses were in and he was able to describe inhospitable workhouses so the source is useful for investigating the Andover Workhouse. Charles Dickens used the Andover Workhouse scandal and other accounts of inhospitable workhouses to bas his novel Oliver Twist on. Source C is a primary source and was written in 1838, which was year after the McDougals were employed in the Andover Workhouse. This is useful because Charles Dickens would have known what the Workhouses were like. This is because he was alive at the time of the scandal, so he would have known how bad some of the workhouses were therefore this source could be based on one of the inhospitable workhouses. So this is useful in investigating the events of the Andover Workhouse because their conditions could have been similar. Source C was written quite factually as Dickens based some of the novel on the Andover Workhouse Scandal and he was aware of the social evils of this time. Source C is limited however because it only tells us what the meal times were like. It doesnt tell us that the work they did between meals was crushing bones or flints it doesnt tell us that in most workhouses there were three meal times a day and it doesnt tell us that adults would have been treated the same. Source C is also limited because inmates usually had to work in silence and the boys in the source were whispering to each other, which they would normally have been punished for. Source c also states that the master would punish the children with violence but it is limited because it doesnt state how the adults would have been punished. If source C doesnt give this information about the workhouse it is talking about then I cannot identify it with the Andover Workhouse therefore the source is limited. The source is limited because it doesnt state which workhouse it is and all workhouses were different so the source may not be useful to investigate the Andover Workhouse events. It doesnt state how many people were in the workhouse and may be limited because there could have been more or less than in the Andover Workhouse. Source C was originally written as a novel so it could have been exaggerated to sell and the words used to suggest this are, Stupefied astonishment, and desperate so this may not be useful for investigating the events in the Andover Workhouse because the source maybe unreliable. However, the source maybe limited because even Dickens didnt include the full horrors of the workhouses in this novel. Charles Dickens wrote source C and he was a rich man who didnt leave any money to the poor when he died so it is unlikely that he cared as much as it is made out. He may have wanted more money and therefore may have exaggerated his novel so it would sell. This means Source is likely to be limited for investigating the events of the Andover Workhouse. The source was written in 1838 so the source is more likely to be an opinion from the time. Therefore it may limited for investigating the events of the Andover Workhouse because we are not informed of another opinion. The source in some ways seems to be exaggerated because it uses words like paralysed and reckless so this maybe limited for investigating the events of the Andover Workhouse because it is unreliable. I think the source is useful in some ways for investigating the Andover Workhouse events for example the food they ate and how they were placed at dinner. However the source is limited in other ways because it is restricted so it is no use for investigating the events of the Andover Workhouse.

Muhammad Ali Becomes World Heavyweight Champion

Muhammad Ali Becomes World Heavyweight Champion On February 25, 1964, underdog Cassius Clay, better known as  Muhammad Ali, fought defending champion Charles Sonny Liston for the world heavyweight title in Miami Beach, Florida. Although it was nearly unanimously believed that Clay would be knocked out by round two if not earlier, it was Liston who lost the fight after refusing at the beginning of round seven to continue fighting.  This fight was one of the largest upsets in sports history, setting Cassius Clay on a long path of fame and controversy. Who Was Muhammad Ali? Cassius Clay, renamed Muhammad Ali right after this historic fight, had started boxing at the age of 12 and by 18 had won the light-heavyweight gold medal at the 1960 Olympic Games.   Clay trained long and hard to be the best at boxing, but many at the time thought his fast feet and hands didnt have enough power in them to beat a true heavyweight champion like Liston.   Plus, the 22-year-old Clay, a decade younger than Liston, seemed a bit crazy. Clay, known as the Louisville Lip, was constantly boasting that he would knock out Liston and calling him the big, ugly bear, riling up both Liston and the press into a frenzy over his wild taunts. While Clay used these tactics to unsteady his opponents and to garner publicity for himself, others thought it was a sign that he was afraid or just plain crazy. Who Was Sonny Liston? Sonny Liston, known as the Bear for his giant size, had been the world heavyweight champion since 1962. He was rough, tough, and hit really, really hard. Having been arrested more than 20 times, Liston learned to box while in prison, becoming a professional boxer in 1953. Listons criminal background played a big role in his unlikable public personae, but his hard-hitting style earned him enough wins via knockout that he was not to be ignored.   For most folks in 1964, it seemed a no brainer that Liston, who had just knocked out the last serious contender for the title in the first round, would pummel this young, loud-mouthed challenger. People were betting 1 to 8 on the match, favoring Liston. The World Heavyweight Fight At the start of the fight on February 25, 1964, at the Miami Beach Convention Center, Liston was overconfident. Although nursing an injured shoulder, he expected an early knockout like his last three big fights and so had not spent much time training. Cassius Clay, on the other hand, had trained hard and was thoroughly ready. Clay was faster than most other boxers and his plan was to dance around the powerful Liston until Liston tired out. Alis plan worked. Liston, weighing in at the slightly heavy 218 pounds, was surprisingly dwarfed by the 210 1/2-pound Clay. When the bout began, Clay bounced, danced, and bobbed frequently, confusing Liston and making a very difficult target. Liston tried to get a solid punch in, but round one ended without much actual hitting. Round two ended with a cut under Listons eye and Clay not only still standing, but holding his own.  Round three and four saw both men looking tired but determined. At the end of the fourth round, Clay complained that his eyes were hurting. Wiping them with a wet rag helped a little, but Clay basically spent the entire fifth round trying to evade the blurry Liston. Liston tried to use this to his advantage and went on the attack, but the lithe Clay surprisingly managed to stay up the whole round. By the sixth round, Liston was exhausted and Clays eyesight was returning. Clay was a dominant force in the sixth round, getting in several good combinations. When the bell rang for the start of the seventh round, Liston stayed seated. He had hurt his shoulder and was worried about the cut under his eye. He just didnt want to continue the fight. It was a real shock that Liston ended the fight while still seated in the corner. Excited, Clay did a little dance, now called the Ali shuffle, in the middle of the ring. Cassius Clay was declared the winner and became the heavyweight boxing champion of the world.

The future of SMEs(Small Medium Enterprises) in developing hospitality Essay

The future of SMEs(Small Medium Enterprises) in developing hospitality products - Essay Example Eminence inside a hospitality organization consists of the entire services which the tourist is busy in and is not restricted by instance or locality of the stay. The pace of reply and size of information are to be perceived as significant factors for the quality of Small and medium-sized hospitality organization and, of course, customer satisfaction.   This paper deals with the future of small and medium-sized hospitality Enterprises (SMHEs) in developing hospitality products. The hospitality industry is entered a new era of dazzling breakthroughs in communication and information technologies. Today, the top organizations are no longer shrinking back from the technology sector because they believe it to be broad, personal, or indispensable. In its place, advanced hospitality hands, especially in UK, distinguishes that in a progressively more bloodthirsty market, the acceptance and amalgamation of new technologies across their whole business enterprise opens the door to new potentials and practices that can indicate the disparity between success and malfunction. It has been argued that smaller enterprises can achieve considerable profits from IT sector. However, there should be a clear difference between the information needs of firms and their technology requirements (Mutch, 1998). The spending on IT sector in the hotel industry is somewhat low contrasted with industries such as monetary services and telecommunications, whose basic functions are reliant on IT-based developments, the sector use up to  £2,241 per desktop every year for small and medium-sized industries and  £5,554 for larger industries. Study has previously shown that various products are by now one of the most well-liked and trendy products putted up for sale over the Internet. Once the chains of hotels have been nippy to take advantage of on new technology and similarly it can be alleged for Internet, with the majority of

Projct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Projct - Essay Example For this reason, we included all the relevant information and graphical representations on how exactly a child should be looked after and given all the necessary counseling support. Obviously, the topic is a very interesting and sensitive one that concerns a large number of people in the society. However, to be precise, we narrowed down on counseling therapists as our professional and parents. Having specialized on counseling psychology, it is these therapists who have a deeper understanding of young children and how they can be effectively brought up without interfering with their physical, physiological, emotional and mental growth. On the other hand, the topic will be targeting the parents and guardians as non-experts. Although they spend a lot of time interacting with children, the parents and guardians are not trained on child counseling (Winnicott 49). Despite spending their energies to bring up the children under their care, they might still not be in a better position of having a deeper understanding of the children’s emotional challenges. Thus, they might not be of much help when it comes to offering counseling services to such children. The information provided here is very important to all the audiences. To the professional therapists, it challenges them that every child has got a potential of thriving regardless of the situation. Meaning, they are the future of the society whose welfare should not be ignored at all. By providing them with all the necessary therapy support, all the children will be relieved from their traumatic experiences and feelings. Therefore, the information challenges the therapists to acknowledge that it is only through proper counseling services that a distressed child’s life can be restored and put back to a balance. Therefore, having known that fact, the therapists will have to dedicate their time and deliver their best services to the children who might be in a dire need

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisational Behaviour Essay Question One. From the case study, we can learn a lot. It ranges from leadership, management, work ethics, behaviour shaping and changing to the impact of positive and negative reinforcements in organisations. Managing of creative workers, recognition of opportunities and problems, unethical strategies and tactics, team building and networking among others are aspects that can be learned from the case study (Robinsen 2000). We can also learn from the study that Godot applied an autocratic or authoritative style of leadership. He could not listen to any of his workers, he could not open any avenue of communication and consultation with his workers and could not involve the workers in decision making. All he could do was to haul insults at them instead of actively involving them in the day to day running of the restaurant. It is important to treat workers in a good way if any positive results are to be realised (Simons 2003). The first genesis to doing so is to implement ways and methods that would boost the morale of workers. Good leadership and management skills are essential to any organisation. Good work ethics and behaviour should be instilled to the workers so that they can deliver good results with very minimal supervision (Haddock 2001). Abuses and insults are not supposed to be used at the work place as they even tend to scare away sensitive customers and other business people. Leaders and managers should learn new ways and methods of improving workers’ efficiency and results. Organisations that deploy such ways and methods, have proved to stand ahead of others (Wharton 1996). Question Two. There are several negative and positive reinforcements, punishment and extinctions that were used by Godot and the customers in shaping of the employees’ behaviour. Positive reinforcements included the dedication and industriousness of Godot. This is positive in that it helps the workers as they are able to emulate what Godot stands for. Through dedication and hard work, the restaurant was able to stand the test of time. This was an inspiration to the workers. Another positive reinforcement was that of the customers. The customers would appreciate the work done by Diane and compliment her efficient services. This would give her morale to work even harder and efficiently knowing that her services were good. There are also negative reinforcements. They can be seen mainly from Godot’s attitude and way of doing certain things. He was a man prone to emotional outbursts. He could yell and shout at his workers whenever something went wrong or whenever he could not see what he expected of them. This is negative in that it instilled a sense of fear to the workers and always made them nervous (Bringsrud 2004). This makes someone not to perform to the expected standards, His lack of compliment to his workers is also a negative reinforcement (Myers 1997). He did not appreciate anything good but was so quick at condemning and demonising anything he felt was not right. A good employer needs to give credit where it belongs. This is a way of encouraging and giving morale to the workers (Simons 2003). Godot could not see anything good in it. All he could do was merely grunt at Diane even when she said hello or goodbye. Such attributes do not befit a good employer. Punishment was in the form of fining his workers whenever something went wrong. When Diane dropped a plate of bouillabaisse appetiser, she was scorned at and fined a total of $24. 95. This punishment demoralised her to the extend of affecting her performance. Her earnings from tips dropped from a one time top of 23 percent to a meager 15 percent. This was as a result of reducing the pace at which she worked in order to prevent any other incidences from happening. From this, one can easily tell that the punishment imposed on her was too much and she could not risk losing the amount any more. Such a negative reinforcement does not add any value to the business but instead it demoralizes the workers thus reducing the pace of working (Wharton 1996:8). As a result, the customers end up waiting for long and some might give up and leave. This turns out to affect the restaurant adversely. Godot as an employer has various ways of improving or shaping the behaviour of his employees. One of the ways is by introducing packages that are employee friendly and putting in place certain measures that would improve the performance of his employees instead of using ruthless methods such as imposing of huge fines and punishment to the workers. Such methods could include appreciating what the workers do and also ones in a while complimenting the efforts made. Diane would have been appreciated in various ways and by so doing, her morale would have been boosted thus making her work extra hard and as a result winning more customers. Employers need to realise that social responsibility and leadership in organisations and businesses for that matter are very vital aspects (Haddock 2001:475). Workers depend on employers and employers depend on workers too. This is a mutual relationship which should be upheld in all cases. This should be realised by both the parties in order for the business to perform to the expectations. Question Three. The reinforcements and punishment mentioned in question two have both positive and negative impact on Diane’ behaviour. Inasmuch as the punishment imposed on Diane would seem to be on the extreme, it could be viewed as positive in some ways. Being careful at the job place is extremely important. When Diane dropped the plate of appetiser, she was fined heavily by Godot. This made her promise to be more careful than ever before so that she could not get herself in the same mistake again. This instills a sense of discipline and responsibility to the workers (McTagart 2003). The strict nature of Godot, his dedication and industriousness was a lesson for Diane. Her behaviour would be influenced by such reinforcements. She would learn to be dedicated and more independent in future. Her pace of doing things would also improve as she was used to doing tasks at a very fast rate. This obviously is a positive change to her behaviour. On the other hand, Godot’s lack of compliment and appreciation would affect her behaviour too. This will make her feel left out, unwanted and also feel like her services are not worth. If Godot had behaved differently in this case, Diane would have learned from the same and applied it elsewhere. In any organisation, behavioural shaping and change is very important. Every employee should feel like part of the team in order for there to be teamwork and tangible results (Moir 1999). The lack of appreciation and compliment changed Diane’s way and pace of doing the job. It made her slow down thus affecting the job she was doing. The emphasis of Godot on the importance of working as a team is seen as a positive gesture of behavioural shaping. If an employee was hired and he/she did not appreciate the importance of working as a team, he/she would learn from Godot’s vision and his way of doing things, thus shaping ones behaviour (Stuart 2003). Question Four. The effectiveness of hourly pay rates and tips as a way of reinforcing desired behaviours could go either way, that is, it could either be positive or negative depending on the outcome and the intention of the method. Hourly pay rates in most cases is the method that most employees prefer (Hufman 2002:49). This is because one gets paid depending on their efforts. If one inputs more effort in the job he/she is paid more than that who inputs less. The principle ideally is ‘more effort more pay, less effort less pay’. This is not just an advantage to the employees only but also to the employers (Godwin 2001). If an employee does more, the employer also gets more in returns. Hourly pay has proved to be the best way of dealing with both the employers and the employees. One could work for a certain period of time and get doing something else including attending lectures and lessons. This method does not tie someone to one thing. One becomes flexible enough to the extend of even doing more than one job. Tips are also a good way of reinforcing desired results and behaviours (Borer et al 2000). Tips make a worker work extremely fast and with dedication. How much one takes home at the end of the day, week or month depends on the person’s zeal of work. Just like hourly pay, tips benefit both the employee and the employer. For instance, if an employee makes 20 percent of the total amount of money, it definitely goes without saying that the employer must have bagged the 80 percent. It is therefore important that the mode and way of payment as per the contract is obeyed by the two parties involved. Reinforcing of behaviour could be done in different ways, hourly pay rates and tips being one of the ways. Such a method makes the employee work under certain rules and conditions as deemed fit by the employer. Work for three hours, do not break anything, get your pay and tips and leave. This is normally the motto of such methods. Some employees are too careless and lazy to the extend that they do not care about what happens in the event that loses are incurred. The only way to check them and put them on toes in by introducing the hourly pay rates and tips. This is meant to give the employer the opportunity of maximising his/her time at the job place. In the extract, Godot decides to introduce such a method in order to cushion himself against the lazy workers who might think that they can just get to the hotel, work anyhow and get away with it. This is not Godot’s way of working. He believes in workers earning what they worked for. If you work hard you get more. If you just lazy around, you are bound to get very little. Diane had to work hard so that she could save something substantial for her use ones she went back to school. To her, a table waiting job was what she could do instead of just staying at home during summer. She thought that she could make some money and improve on her University life, actually change her diet. Her hard work would fetch her upto 23 percent on tips and $15. 0 per hour. She had set targets that she wanted to meet. Her ability to work fast and efficiently earned her the percentage she had targeted on tips. This plus her hourly pay was enough to take care of her University needs after summer. This method of tips encouraged her to work hard. Had it been a flat rate pay on tips, Diane would not have worked as hard as she did. This meant that Godot also made a lot of money in the process. Fur thermore, Godot spelt out clearly what he wanted for his restaurant. He had a vision for his restaurant and insisted on the importance of working as a team in order to deliver good services to his customers. It is on the basis of this too that Diane decided that she would put in her best to prove how good she could be. Conclusion. From the case study, it is very clear that something has to be done in most organisations regarding work ethics and behaviour. Employers subject their workers to unfavourable working conditions and all they care about is there well being and not that of the workers (Huberman 1994). Workers in such organisations end up persevering such conditions with the aim of just making ends meet in their lives. This could be clearly seen from Diane’s case. She had to persevere for the purposes of making money but did not enjoy working under such conditions. Workers should enjoy doing their work and this can only be made conducive by the input of the employers (Benstin 1995). Organisational behaviour is a topic of discussion that leaves many employers and employees looking for ways and methods of dealing with the issue.