The Three Different Types of Hatred and Discrimination Essay Example

The Three Different Types of Hatred and Discrimination Essay Shakespeare gives us the example of that in his book of Romeo and Juliet. In this book, there are two families who hate each other due to past conflicts. The Montague and the Caplet family. In this book, the son of the Montague falls in love with the daughter of the Capsules. A love so deep that they get married In privacy. Because them getting married biblically, would cause their parents to greatly punish them. One night, Juliet tells Romeo Deny thy father and refuse thy name; or If thou will not, be but sworn my love, and Ill no longer be a Caplet. (Shakespeare 34-36. Her father wants her to get married to a man who she does not want to marry. The day of her marriage, she fakes her death. Romeo believing she is dead kills himself out of grief of losing her. All this hardship because the parents hate each others names and cannot bear their kids being together. This is Just one example of misjudging one by the name. In this case judging one by his name has resulted in death. Osama is another example. This name is stereotyped because Osama Bin Laden the most wanted man in the world carries it. It does not signify a lion jumping on its prey. And et that is how It Is seen In todays society around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Three Different Types of Hatred and Discrimination specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Three Different Types of Hatred and Discrimination specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Three Different Types of Hatred and Discrimination specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And so if a boy or a man were to carry this name, he would have much difficulty In getting a Job. Just for carrying that name. Therefore Judging one by his name affects everyone In one way or another. In Harper Lees book To Kill a Mockingbird, the author puts in evidence the amount of racism that was present in the southern Alabama state of America; back in the sass. In this book, the most part of the white community of Macomb mistreats the black community by firstly by calling them Negroes and secondly by accusing one of them falsely. In this case, the accused is Tom Robinson. A black man accused of violently abusing and raping a white woman. Although his lawyer Tactics Finch defends him with strong evidence, the jury goes against him by Judging him guilty. The white society did not stand up for him, but Just let It pass. They forgot all about this case within two days. After his death due to a failed escape from Enfield Prison Farm, a member of the white community Judges him as Typical of a Niger to cut and run. Typical of Ruggeris mentality to have no plan, no thought for the future. Just run blind the first chance he saw. (Lee page 24) Lee just shows us one example of racism. Still today In southern part AT ten USA tanner are groups AT ten ASK won are still advocating white supremacy. This causes many deaths of non-white people. The Arab race is another example. Arabs are now stereotyped as terrorist ever since the 911 incident. If one person of any race is wrong, it does not mean that all the people of that race are wrong as well. One should not be Judged by his race but by his character. Racism causes many problems to individuals that are part of a stereotyped race or people that are simply discriminated due to their skin color. Therefore racism must take a stop. Often, people with physical disabilities or differences are misjudged or underestimated by those who have none. Either if they have an extra toes, half a finger or are shorter than average. That can cause not getting hired at a Job. Gender can also be a problem. For instance if a girl would want to work in construction, she would be made fun of and greatly under estimated because she might not have the physical strength for the work or the roughness of a man. In todays society in North America, gender has become a minor problem. Men get to work in fashion and girl tortes, Just as women can work at a garage or as police officers. However physical disabilities are still discriminated. In John Handsaws book The Chrysalis, he talks about a girl named Sophie who is believed to be a blasphemy or deviation of some kind because she has six toes. The inspector in the story warns David (the main character) not to be friends with Sophie because she is made by the devil. She has no soul. David is forced to report her to the authorities so they can send her to Finchs land. Muff know, David concealment of a Blasphemy not reporting a human aviation is a very very serious thing. People go to prison for it. It is everybodys duty to report any kind of offence to me even they arent sure so that I can decide. Its always important, and very important indeed is it is a Blasphemy. And in this case there doesnt seem to be any doubt about it unless young Ervin was mistaken. Now he says she has six toes. Is that true? (Yamaha page 51) Those who are physically disabled could be very qualified for something. For instance many people who see a physically disabled person would most likely Judge him as mentally ill. And that is a problem in our society. Employers could miss the chance of having a top quality employee such as a sales manager Just because he is in a wheelchair. The fact of discriminating on physically disabled people can cause us to lose chances of meeting very valuable people. They should not be underestimated and should be considered. Therefore ignoring them can affect many people. The various aspects of misjudging, discriminating or underestimating one by his name, race or physical ability can truly affect everyone in various ways. One must learn to accept others the way they are. And if one would Judges someone else, he should Judge him by his character and not by his appearance. This goes for the same with the famous expression Dont Judge a book by its cover. Shakespeare, Harper Lee and Yamaha have each covered one of these aspects and put it in a scenario. The examples are set and so are the lessons. Now all one can do is read and learn. Bibliography I en occasionally. London: a Penguin KICK, BIBB, pup SSH William. Romeo and Juliet. Toronto: Harcourt Shakespeare series, 1999, IPPP LEE, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Warner Books Edition, 1982, IPPP

Free Essays on Reaction To Increased Tution

Tuition deregulation is a delicate issue that affects us all. Texas’ two largest universities (A&M and UT) have raised this question and stand to gain the most while risking the least. They receive more than five times as much scholarship and fellowship money. Tech has more students that receive little or no financial than either other school (according to statistics from the 2000-2001 school year.) We also have less scholarship and fellowship money. Less affluent families stand to loose the most, since even small tuition increases may pose hardships. Two years ago, in Ohio, the legislature removed the cap on tuition increases. Now the governor is trying to replace them. This author is not opposed to tuition deregulation, however believes that careful consideration is necessary. This article is from the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal 2/16/03. I agree with the author’s opinion that tuition deregulation is not completely bad, just needs to be considered from all points of view. The more tuition increases, the less people will be able to attend. Education is one of the five potential economic problems that may require government intervention. Tuition has gone up in the past and will continue to increase. We need to make sure that it does not increase so fast that large amounts of people can no longer afford higher education. If less people go to college, the value of education will increase. However, less people in college could also lead to a large unskilled workforce. According to the business cycle everything will eventually return to a prosperous time, but I do not see how this could happen with less skilled workers. These are some of the reasons careful consideration is required. What if we use a progressive (the more you make, the more you pay) way to pay for college? This would not affect scholarships , admissions, or other university money. It would make those who can afford to pay more do so. The poorer fam... Free Essays on Reaction To Increased Tution Free Essays on Reaction To Increased Tution Tuition deregulation is a delicate issue that affects us all. Texas’ two largest universities (A&M and UT) have raised this question and stand to gain the most while risking the least. They receive more than five times as much scholarship and fellowship money. Tech has more students that receive little or no financial than either other school (according to statistics from the 2000-2001 school year.) We also have less scholarship and fellowship money. Less affluent families stand to loose the most, since even small tuition increases may pose hardships. Two years ago, in Ohio, the legislature removed the cap on tuition increases. Now the governor is trying to replace them. This author is not opposed to tuition deregulation, however believes that careful consideration is necessary. This article is from the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal 2/16/03. I agree with the author’s opinion that tuition deregulation is not completely bad, just needs to be considered from all points of view. The more tuition increases, the less people will be able to attend. Education is one of the five potential economic problems that may require government intervention. Tuition has gone up in the past and will continue to increase. We need to make sure that it does not increase so fast that large amounts of people can no longer afford higher education. If less people go to college, the value of education will increase. However, less people in college could also lead to a large unskilled workforce. According to the business cycle everything will eventually return to a prosperous time, but I do not see how this could happen with less skilled workers. These are some of the reasons careful consideration is required. What if we use a progressive (the more you make, the more you pay) way to pay for college? This would not affect scholarships , admissions, or other university money. It would make those who can afford to pay more do so. The poorer fam...

Alevel chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alevel chemistry - Essay Example The forward reaction (the production of ammonia) is exothermic. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, this will be favored if you lower the temperature. The system will respond by moving the position of equilibrium to counteract this - in other words by producing more heat. In order to get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, you need as low a temperature as possible. The lower the temperature you use, the slower the reaction becomes. A manufacturer is trying to produce as much ammonia as possible per day. It makes no sense to try to achieve an equilibrium mixture which contains a very high proportion of ammonia if it takes several years for the reaction to reach that equilibrium. You need the gases to reach equilibrium within the very short time that they will be in contact with the catalyst in the reactor. Therefore 400 - 450C is a compromise temperature producing a reasonably high proportion of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture (even if it is only 15%), but in a very short time. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, if you increase the pressure the system will respond by favoring the reaction which produces fewer molecules. That will cause the pressure to fall again. In order to get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, you need as high a pressure as possible. 200 atmospheres is a high pressure. Increasing the pressure brings the molecules closer together. In this particular instance, it will increase their chances of hitting and sticking to the surface of the catalyst where they can react. The higher the pressure the better in terms of the rate of a gas reaction. 200 atmospheres is a compromise pressure chosen on economic grounds. If the pressure used is too high, the cost of generating it exceeds the price you can get for the extra ammonia produced. Catalyst: It is explained below. Q4. Catalyst (with theory about its mechanism) The catalyst has no affect whatsoever on the position of the equilibrium. Adding a catalyst doesn't produce any greater percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture. Its only function is to speed up the reaction. In the

Read a story and analyse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Read a story and analyse - Essay Example One of the interesting aspects of this case is the other characters mentioned in the story. For instance, Mary left Alison (her six-month-old daughter) in the house and went to see her mother. Was the mother not aware that Alison did not accompany Mary? Is there a possibility that her mother was not aware of Alison’s existence? This case covers a large number of light issues, but avoids some of the details that would have assisted the judges to determine if Mary was insane or mentally incapacitated, or if she was sane but just careless. Mary also went to her fiancà © and lived there for a while before realizing that something was not right. Didn’t her fiancà © question Mary of Alison’s whereabouts? Is there a possibility that her fiancà © was not aware of Alison’s existence? With the parties being witnesses in the case, such questions would have assisted in gauging the awareness and Mary’s mental capacity. As part of the judiciary, trying to understand Mary’s reality would be the first assessment. Her levels of prioritization are completely wrong. She considers pursuing her individual interests and forgets any other parties in her life, including her daughter. In the first case, the case presents Mary as to have intentionally killed Alison. She says that she had left Alison in the house knowing that she would be dead in a few days. Whatever the case, most people might argue that Mary was not mentally capacitated to raise a child. Most people who abandon their children would have at least the courtesy to leave the baby at a location where another person might take care of the child. However, Mary would opt to leave the baby in her house with a stranger who was disabled, rather than have the child survives. However, she also says that while she was in California with her fiancà ©, she began to feel that something was wrong. It is evident that her testimony is rather conflicting. For instance, the case above indicates that Mary might have intended to kill

Business and market analysis of Tea company

Business and market analysis of Tea company Tapal Tea (Pvt) Limited is one of the leading manufacturer of brand tea in Pakistan and south Asia. This product is introduced by Adam Ali Tapal in 1947. Its business is growing from day by day through its inception. There is no business in the world that cannot face the competition in the market. Tapal also faces tough competition from different brands of the company like Lipton, Brook bond and supreme which are also giving tough completion to Tapal. It is one of the largest Pakistani company who has started in Judie Bazaar one of the busiest business area in Karachi, Pakistan. Tapal is one of the largest local companies who do not have any investment from abroad. This business started as sole proprietorship and becomes Private Limited Company now. It means to say that the company now has legal status than before. In 1997, Tapal tea is one of the first company who got the ISO-9001 quality standard, a symbol of high quality. Tapal company main focus is quality. They never compromise on quality. A customer can pay more price but they are not ready to compromise on quality. It includes who are the customers of the product. Tea is one of the hot beverages which are commonly used by different peoples of different ages from rural to urban areas. The market of tea is very strong in the Pakistan. Learning Outcome 1 Vision statement Linda Jackson Burrs states that vision statement is where you see you future state. Creating a vision statement takes some thought as to what is really doable and believable The vision of company to expand the business, consistency in price and further improve quality of the product Mission statement Jeffrey Abrahams states that every company, n matter how big or small, needs a mission statement as a source of direction, a kind of compass, that lets its employees, its customer and even its stockholders know what is stand for and where its headed. Our mission of the company is to provide world class product in minimum price, not ready to compromise on quality, to have good relations in the market and makes perfect market for the competition. There are so many organizations that are only writing mission and vision of the company and not following on them but Tapal Company Limited is one of those companies that is clearly doing what is their promise to do like not compromising on quality of the tea, producing new brands of the tea and expanding their business to the wider extent. Marketing strategy Marketing is one of the key elements in addition to other functions without which the company cannot get success. Marketing of the product is not easy task by any means, so proper care should be taken very carefully otherwise the project can be failed. It based on a process in which organization to focus on the availability of its resources to increase its profit by increasing the sale. Marketing planning Marketing Planning is a set of document in which details of action is given to achieve the objects set by the management for a period of one or up to five year. It could be based on selling of any kind of product. Marketing plan is usually based on the whole business plan. Strong planning can play major role in the success of product sale in the market. Its very important to have a very aggressive plan if you are not an introducer of new product and still you want to grab the market. Link between Marketing Plan and Marketing Strategy Whenever you want to launch a product you must plan it. If you plan well it gives you a good picture how much you can achieve but if you didnt then it might cause an organization very heavily so marketing plan which is a business plan for a company is very important for the launch of a product and even if you want to do some extension in your product and at the launching time you need a marketing strategy to increase the sale up to the maximum level. Marketing strategy is the foundation of marketing plan. And marketing strategy can make marketing plan more effective so we can say they both are very important for the success of the product. Impact of Strategy over Planning Strategy always plays a big impact over planning because even if the planning is excellent but they are unable to create a good strategy then everything will be good but on papers only. The external requirement which need to be taken from the customer can only be achieved by the good business strategy. So we can say for the success of planning you must have good strategy as well. Marketing planning problems There could be so many problems when you make marketing planning. There could be so change in the environment means you need to change the forecast. They are unable to give the required factual information and doest make good marketing decision. It could be possible that they spend too much for the advertisement and doest get the response they want. May be they lack experience for preparing a strong marketing plan. Component of Marketing Planning There are so many marketing components which are used in the business I am discussing in this assignment. In brief they are price, product, promotion, placement, people, environment and process. When Tapal make a marketing plan they always consider what price should they set for the product because they have so much competition in the market, they always make sure that when they introduce a product it has to be unique so they will grab the high share in the market. They always promote their new products so all will know something new and different is coming in the market. Every time when they plan they make sure what area they need to cover and where to launch the product. They always make sure in their planning that how people will obtain the product. SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are external factors http://marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-swot.html This is an abbreviation of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat. I will analyze this tool in my selected firm http://hrmadvice.com/assets/images/swotanalysis.jpg Strengths Continuous innovation for increased customer value, for example: First to introduce soft pack in the country, The pioneer of selling Jasmine Green Tea in Pakistan. The only company selling round-tea bags in Pakistan. Tapal is one company that is catering to the needs of all segments of the society. They are exporting their product in so many countries Qualified Research Development team Brand awareness targeting the local market. Weaknesses They are importing some products which increase their cost and decrease their profit. Sale on cash system gives chance distributor to switch to other any time. Tight quality control increase the cost and sometime relationship with distributor is also gets disturbed. Opportunities Tea begs market is increase day by day and they already have a big share in this so they can easily grab more percentage in the market. Customers are very much attracted and like strong taste and quality of tea offered by tea providers. There are so many areas in the country which are still not fully covered by any tea provider company. They are importing Duty free tea from different countries. Green tea requirement is continuously growing. Threats Strong position and big name of Unilever makes extremely difficult for Tapal to counter-attack because of low budgets and they are financially very strong. Unilever is a big name in the country more than Tapal worldwide. High import duties encourage smugglers of tea to grow. They should take immediate step to promote their products in the market because they are spending very less amount for the marketing of their products and all other competitor spending too much money to market the product and to grab more shares in the market. Learning Outcome 2 Producing marketing plan for Tapal Pvt Ltd Before thinking about any plan you have to be sure about the whole industry overview. So out plan is to introduce variety of tea products in Pakistan by Tapal pvt ltd. As we know that is one of the most popular drinks in the entire world and especially in ASIA region people are literally crazy about tea. The demand for tea is very high in Pakistan. With such a huge public who likes to drink tea, the competition is also there and very tuff as well. Brands such as Tapal, Lipton, Brooke Bond and Supreme, are the biggest tea brand in Pakistan. The target people are very common for the entire brand who love to drink the tea. And we know that the area which they need to cover is very Hugh. It consumed on daily basis with very high quantity. The current demand is very high and its demands are getting higher and higher. As competition is very tuff so market share is divided into many company and our plan is to grab the maximum share from the market. Our plan is to produce those kind of goods which are more consuming and more in demand so thats how we will be able to grab the more public and for that we need huge amount to invest in business because we need to spread all over the country and have to market our product at every corner so it will cost us very high. For that we need to see is the time is good to invest so much in the business. Are the political and social conditions of the country supporting our decision of investing such a big amount? If we are sure that the decision will favor the company it will maximize it profit by increasing the share and capturing the big market then it could be a plan which we will definitely follow. We know that if our customer is happy with our product than our competitor will have to face a strong fight through our product and we definitely win the maximum market share. Marketing Mix Element of marketing mix normally referred as 4 ps which are Product, price, place and promotion. A product is a service given by the company to its customers and price will be amount customer paid against the product of a company they have purchased. It all depend on company what price they need to fix for the company. The place could be from where it was purchased. E.g. tea can be purchased by big store and its a place or by any small shop as well and last thing is promotion which describe how the company helps to market its product. Marketing mix can affect the decision taken by the upper management like if management dont want to spend a lot on product marketing but marketing mix strategies forces them to spend more for it. If management plans to increase the price of the product but the time they might follow the marketing mix strategies which force them to retain with the same price. 7C By the help of different definition we will grab the meaning of 7c which are consists of Context, Commerce, Connection, Communication, Content, Community and customization. These entire customer based details available in marketing which help the company to interact with the customer. 7P The 7p in marketing are product, price, promotion, place, people, processes and physical evidence. They are effective for any kind of marketing process ensure that an appropriate value is assigned to each one of them. The 7p are as important in marketing as the success or failure might result due to them. The actions and budget so important when making a plan for the company because the action you do when you are implementing a plan is very vital because a wrong action can disturb the whole planning and proper budget setting is a key of success of planning because if you didnt budget out your plan you can be short of finance. Planning and action always controlled the organization because it makes you organized and the organization is always prepared for what their next step will be. Due to these reason the organizations are always prepared and taken all kind of action well before time and they are not worried about what they need to do. Learning Outcome 3 How your marketing plan support your organization strategy objective Marketing plan come through a long process it start from a single department and ends up to management decision, plan must be always like easy to understand for management to approved it and realize the facts of market strategies for what they want from customer, Tapal always make a attractive marketing plan which always looks different from others, for now this marketing plan which is very supportive for the organization is just because its meets the need of customer in a very smart way like they introduced a new tea flavor which is they want to be market the product by new style which a customer attract and also get some benefited for an organization. How your organization implement your plan Tapal is a big in industry so any body at any time can interested in the advertisement for its product, it is the best way to approved the marketing strategy by showing that there are 5 major advertisement companies are ready to launch and advertised our new product in the market, and if the plan is 100% correct then organization never refuse because they get more revenue and goodwill in the market. If the plan is according to organization and customer then it is easy to take decision for management. Plan should be compressed and productive for organization. Plan should be not very costly. Plan should be not so long time process Plan should be as per new techniques and 3D type as per new generation like Plan should be process after research Plan should be shows new market prices Plan should be long life and skill full. Discuss link between strategy and implementation and skills needed for implementation As we discussed above that is the plan is strong then management never refuse them because they also want to be leader in the market, before making a plan it need a strategic thinking on the plan to make it perfect and executive, after that this plan need some skills like added some technically and moderate touch to improve the product quality and price, so that the organization easily implement on the upcoming strategic plan with full of skills. It is very easy to make a plan but is not easy to do implement on it so if the plan is make with strategic and skilled so it could more productive to introduce in front of management and if the plan is in according to the new market requirement so it is likely to be more attractive if there is a less skills include in it. Outline your approach to gain your agreement for marketing plan If the plan is according to companies favor so there is no any chance that it could be rejected. Always approach will be positive to make the plan competitive and advance. Tapal is always look in those matter which are highly skilled, attractive and sincere with the organization, to gain the agreement for strategic plan for organization is a very important role for marketing department to extent their plans which are still are in favor of organization and as before management like the approach to get always new marketing style, the best approach for management is that to produced their best efforts to capture the market because know a days their so many competitors in the market if they lack in the advertisement or promotion or introducing in new products then it could be easy for other competitors to overcome. Describe your publicity and promotion strategy as part of your organization The first approach is that tapas needs to be improve their marketing style just because know a days people need electronic media advertisement and promotion on all the product to get all the products in a very cheap and reason able price this can increase in the number of customers but also increase in loyal customer. The best approach to get the agreement extent or more loyal tapal need to make advertisement in TV ads and make a ads with the celebrities to make people more attract. For tapal it is not a big deal to make ads with celebrities. They also need to do some sale promotion and prizes for kids to make them also a part of tapal, and take some social activities like arrange some games, concerts, charity and convocation and show sponsoring in these activities to make good image in the market. Identify and describe your evaluation review measure and trend for the effectiveness of your plan To maintain the level of the marketing in the fast running industry because there is not only one part or trend to evaluate and measure the causes of market its a long and lengthy process which each and every department of the organization is involved in it, according to new trend we can say that people need always new and productive so Tapal team is always try to first in the line and make sure that the plan for marketing is effective for organization and its growth, as review the trend is that people need always low product price rate but now a days they also want some prizes or promotion on the product to get more benefit from the product they buy. It is not easy to maintain both of these issues with each other, team is always tried to make their plan effectiveness and evaluate the main issue in front of management. Conclusion At the end of this course we can understand vision and mission statement of business and how we can make marketing plans keeping all risk factor in mind. How we can control planning and how we can support our organization object. How to publish and promote the strategy of our company and how our plan can be affective.

Slavery :: Slavery Essays

Escaping from slavery in 1838 had to be a treacherous experience; escaping slavery at any time would be! Most slaves couldn’t read or write, but one slave, Fredrick Douglass, broke that barrier and many more. In this particular writing he uses a wide-open state of mind to clearly get his thoughts across. He does this by using a wide variety of diction along with sentence fluency. An example can be seen in every sentence of every paragraph. â€Å"I saw in every white man an enemy, and in almost every colored man cause for distrust. It was a most painful situation; and, to understand it, one must needs experience it, or imagine himself in similar circumstances.† His narrative point of view about slavery, or rather first person experience on slavery, is expressed throughout as he explains slavery as being both life and death. How someone can write with such strong emotion, is beyond me, but Douglass does more than that. He captures and captivates the reader into thinking about and imagining his experiences. Through the use of concrete language, Fredrick Douglass, relates his readers to the life of a slave while at the same time explaining how one could never understand unless he experiences the hardships of slavery on his own. Fredrick Douglass has such a talent at pulling his readers into the writing and making them envision what is happening, that anyone could fall in love with his writing. An example can be found in,† There I was in the midst of thousands, and yet a perfect stranger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Another common figure of speech found many times within the passage is the use of metaphors. Some are seen in,†I felt like one who had escaped a den of hungry lions†, â€Å"†¦being seized upon by his fellow-man, as the hideous crocodile seizes upon his prey!†, and â€Å"†¦among fellow-men, yet feeling as if in the midst of wild beasts.† By using such metaphors, Douglass is helping his readers better imagine his emotions. Each sentence flows fluidly and without imperfection. There are no apostrophes or harsh-sounding words that do not belong or fit among the others. The words fit together perfectly, as do the ideas in order to make a remarkable essay filled with emotion.

No Child Left Behind vs. Inequalities Essay

The American educational system suffers from a wide disparity between the poor and rich schools in the country. Race relations is a prominent cause of the problem wherein the white-dominated school districts get the most funding and government support while non-white children live in poverty, academic underachievement, indifferent government officials and hopelessness. The No Child Left Behind Act seeks to lessen this disparity by equalizing governmental funding, ensuring a competent teaching workforce and instilling a system of accountability. However, like many other laws, No Child Left Behind has its shortcomings and needs re-examination and/or fine tuning to ensure its effectiveness. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Issues in Jonathan Kozol’s Book Through the book Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools, Kozol (1991) made several noteworthy points such as (1) many schools in poverty-stricken areas have non-white children comprising the majority of their student populations, (2) poor, run-down schools in non-white neighborhoods view themselves as serving those children who have little value to the country, (3) students, school administrators, public officials and community residents have a shared feeling of hopelessness for their plight and nobody is willing to be accountable for the problem, and (4) increased funding for the poorest schools in America can make a difference if this is accompanied by a change in the society’s attitude (pp. 82, 114, 243). Former US President George W. Bush signed â€Å"The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001† into law on January 8, 2002 as part of his educational reform agenda (â€Å"No Child†, 2007). The Act sought for immense transformation in America’s K-12 education by underscoring four principles: (1) greater accountability for results, (2) increased flexibility and local control, (3) expanded options for parents, and (4) an emphasis on proven and effective teaching methods (â€Å"New Jersey†, 2006). The four principles are aligned with the areas of racial inequalities among schools as identified by Kozol (Check, 1992, p. 1) which include funding, governmental assistance, political support, buildings upkeep, quality of educators, availability of and funding for school supplies, extra-curricular facilities, overcrowding and accountability system (Warner, 2002, n. d. ). Extent of Effectiveness of the Act Some of No Child Left Behind’s remedies are more pronounced in student academic performance. Thompson and Barnes (2007) cite that albeit slow progress, NCLB yields favorable results in strengthening student academic achievement. For example, scores in mathematics among 4th and 8th graders from 2003 to 2005 increased nationwide with scores for Hispanic and African American students showing significant improvement in the same period. Further, 4th graders’ national average scores in reading improved while achievement gap between African American and Hispanic 4th graders narrowed slightly from 2003 to 2005 (p. 16). More than two-thirds of the states also reported that test scores disparity in terms of race, income, or language background has lessened or stayed the same (Rentner et. al. , 2006 as cited in Thompson and Barnes, 2007, p. 16). On the contrary, the mostly debated shortcomings of the law fall in three areas. First, its stringent assessment and reporting requirements forced educators to allocate instructional time in preparation for assessment thereby suppressing creative learning in the classroom. Secondly, the Department of Education has failed to immediately ensure and monitor that the states comply with the NCLB’s teacher quality provisions; this being done only two years after the effectivity of the law. Lastly, fund disbursements in some states primarily devoted to professional development were done without full consideration of effectiveness or content quality of the trainings (Thompson and Barnes, 2007, pp. 19-20). Conclusion In summary, the NCLB has laid the foundations for educational reform and academic equality but continuous evaluation is essential to make the law work for all. References Check, J. (1992). Book Review: Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Shools, by Jonathan Kozol. The Quarterly, 14 (3). Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. nwp. org/cs/public/print/resource/1139 Kozol, J. (1991). Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools. New York: Harper Collins New Jersey No Child Left Behind. (2006). Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. nj. gov/education/grants/nclb/