Child abuse and neglect Essay Example for Free

Child aversion and neglect Es severaliseINTRODUCTIONChild abuse and neglect can produce serious and long-wearing dam senesce. The range of actions classified as baby bird abuse or neglect is constantly changing as a result of social and economic conditions, semipolitical ideology, advances in medicine, improvements in communication and melding of cultures. Today, child abuse and neglect is widely recognized as a major social trouble and policy materialization throughout much of the world. During the last 50 years, the United States and many of the worlds nations support responded to child abuse and neglect with legislative efforts, a con reverberateation of programs and interventions, and organizational efforts to identify, respond to and pr til nowt the abuse and neglect of dependent children. Today, there atomic number 18 innumerable local, national and international organizations, professional societies and advocacy groups devoted to preventing and tr moot in child abuse and neglect.Significance of the StudyOne case related to child abuse and neglect is pedophilia. Pedophilia affects children of a authorized switch on and within a certain age, usually under the age of 15 or 16 years. Most pedophiles are not violent toward children, instead leading and enticing children to volitionally perform knowledgeable acts, although some are violent to the point of rape and murder. In 1974, the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment act was passed which put forwards federal reinforcement at the state level for prevention and response to child abuse. With this act, many states strengthened their response to child abuse and established child statutes in which parents whitethorn be prosecuted for abusing their children. Regardless of the legal response on pedophilia, it is clear that much cases never get ins to the attention of the criminal justice system and is, unfortunately, never dealt with. This serious and warning signal case should be fully characterized and understood for the good of the bring uped children, especially the adolescents.What is Phedophilia?As a medical diagnosis, pedophilia is typically defined as a psychiatric disorder in adults or late adolescents characterized by a primary or exclusive intimate interest in prepubescent children (generally age 13 years or younger). In contemporary Western societies, the subject is highly contentious and fraught with strong feelings. The strength of the feelings is readily explained by concern for the welfare of the children and for their healthy, unimpeded development. The child must be at least five years younger in the case of adolescent pedophiles. However, the term pedophile is often used to refer to any adult who is versedly attracted to males or females below the legal age of consent.While there is considerable psychological and sociological literature about pedophilia, philosophers resolveing on the philosophy of sex have transgressn relatively little atten tion to the subject. As pedophilia is seen as a paradigmatic case of cozy perversion and is generally viewed with strong moral revulsion, it might have been expected to generate more philosophical interest. Experts believe that well-nigh pedophiles are males. Some female adults are sexually attracted to boys or girls, but these children are usually at or beyond the age of puberty. Sometimes, however, females sexually abuse children in concert with males, or they will knowingly allow males to abuse their own children or opposite children.This is more likely to occur if the women are abusing drugs and/or alcohol. Pedophiles may believe that their behavior is normal and that it helps teach children how to become loving and affectionate. Such individuals avoid such words as pedophilia, preferring to use such name as adult-child sex. They believe that others who do not understand their behavior are unreasonably rigid. Some organizations of pedophiles claim large memberships and ac tively support the practice of pedophilia. Pedophiles may fail to consider the improvident- or long-term consequences of their actions for example, in one case, a pedophile was told by a child whom he had met on the Internet that her pay off was a police officer, yet he molested the girl anyway. Most studies of pedophilia are performed on people in jail or prison, and it is as well full-strength that many acts of this are never reported.Ephebophilia Its OppositeEphebophilia is a variety of male homosexuality. Ephebophiles are attracted to post-pubertal, sexually mature youths. They are sexually attracted to the fully developed, vigorous masculinity of adolescence. In the narrow finger, pedophilia refers only to sexual attraction of adults to pre-pubescent and sex with them. When the term is used in this sense, ephebophilia is not included as one of pedophilias varieties, but rather distinguished from it, the end of puberty providing the line of demarcation.Characteristics of P edophilesPedophiles are age and sex peculiar(prenominal). They will normally prefer children of a certain sex and within a certain age. Child molesters fall into several categories. One is the fixated pedophile who never moves beyond the attraction he or she mat for children when he or she was a child. The regressed pedophile often turns to children in response to stressful life events. Although intimately pedophiles do not physically harm children, the mysoped makes the ritual connection between fatal sexual violence and someoneal gratification. The sadistic pedophile abducts children for the purpose of torturing and eventually killing them to achieve sexual gratification. Pedophiles come from a variety of backgrounds. Some are well educated, while others are illiterate. Many were not close up to their fathers, and many came from homes where alcohol was a problem for at least one parent (usually the father). Pedophiles often have weak verbal skills, and almost 9 out of 10 fel t especially close to their mothers.The short size of the child provides the pedophile with an opportunity to exert power and authority. At the same time, the sex of the child has little to do with the adult sexual preference of the molester. For example, a male pedophile may be very interested in sex with boys ages 9 or 10 years old, but at the same time be married and consider himself homosexual. Around 80% have been documented as having a history of childhood sexual abuse. The pedophile is known to the child in 90% of cases, 15% or more are relatives of the victim. Homosexual pedophilia does not differ from heterosexual pedophilia. Research on the victim points out that most are female and the molester is usually known. However when a male is the victim, the molester may be a stranger. The degree of the pedophilia sexual act can vary ranging from simply observing the child, to touching, undressing, exposing of own genitalia, fondling, and sexual intercourse.II. CAUSES OF PEDOPHI LIAThe causes of pedophilia that have been researched remain unclear. It has been suggested that the pedophilia represents a regression or reversion at an earlier level of sexual development which resulted in an adult repetitive pattern of inappropriate sexual behavior. Therefore, it is suggested that the pedophile returns to a sexual habit that was developed early in life. It is also theorized that the pedophile is expressing revenge regarding a childhood trauma. It is also said that pedophilia is caused by a sweet sexual arousal to conditioned objects.The following are identified as possible causes of pedophilia1. Parental punishment of a small boy for sustaining an erecting2. Sexual abuse of a young male3. Fear of sexual performance or intimacy4. Psychosexual trauma5. Socio-cultural and/or psychological factors6. profuse alcohol intakePrevious studies have shown that same-sex child molester is higher than opposite-sex offenders, with offenders against boys being at a higher ri sk for delinquency, compared to offenders against boys. The number of prior offenses and the intensity of the fixation on children as sexual objects are factors that predict abuse. some other study was done everyplace 111 child molesters.Child molesters included same-sex, opposite-sex, and mixed groups all responded to stimuli of specific ages and sexes. Findings showed that the degree of sexual reoccupation with children, paraphilia, and number of prior sexual offences were predictors of sexual delinquency. The causes of pedophilia are unknown, but most scientists believe that conditioning in one form or another is involved. The motivation/ learning model can account for the development of pedophilia and can explain its distribution over the life span.A Person to be Declared as PedophileThe diagnosed criteria for a pedophile are as follows1. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors including sexual activity wit h a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger) 2. The person has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty 3. The person is at least 16 years of age and at least 5 years older than the child or children molestedIII. EFFECTS OF PEDOPHILIAThe personal effects of pedophilia to an individual, especially to those who are at a young age, include initial fear, anxiety, depression, anger, aggression and sexually inappropriate behavior. Boys have the same patterns of distress as girls, with symptoms such as fears, recreation disturbances, and distractedness however, boys tend to be less symptomatic than girls. Additional long-term consequences include self-destructive behavior, isolation, low self-esteem, trust issues, fondness abuse, and sexual problems. People who have a history of childhood sexual abuse have increased rates of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and alcohol and drug abuse. There is often an increase in psychopathology among victims of childhood sexual abuse and this psychopathology is manifested at times in the form of pedophilia or other inappropriate behaviors with young children. Victims of childhood sexual abuse are more likely than nonvictims of that abuse to manifest sexual hyper-arousal and sexually aggressive behavior with a tendency to repeat and reenact sexual victimizations as adults.Physical priceInjuryDepending on the age and size of the child, and the degree of force used, pedophilia may cause internal lacerations and bleeding. In dreadful cases, damage to internal organs may occur, which, in some cases, may cause death. Herman-Giddens found six certain and six probable cases of death referable to child sexual abuse in North Carolina between 1985 and 1994. The victims ranged in age from 2 months to 10 years. Causes of death included trauma to the genitalia or rectum and sexual mutilation.InfectionsPedophile acts may cause infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Depending on the age of the child, due to a lack of sufficient vaginal fluid, chances of infections are higher. Vaginitis has also been reported.Neurological DamageResearch has shown that traumatic stress, including stress caused by sexual abuse, causes notable changes in brain functioning and development. A study was done on women who took SAT and it was found that the self-reported math Scholastic Aptitude Test scores of the sample of women with a history of repeated sexual abuse were significantly bring down than the self-reported math SAT scores of the non-abused sample. Because the abused subjects verbal SAT scores were high, it was hypothesized that the low math SAT scores could stem from a defect in hemispheric integration. A strong association between short term memory impairments for all categories tested (verbal, visual, and global) and the duration of the abuse was also found.Psychological DamagePedophilia can result in both(prenomina l) short-term and long-term harm, including psychopathology in later life. Psychological, emotional, physical, and social effects include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, eating disorders, poor self-esteem, dissociative and anxiety disorders general psychological distress and disorders such as somatization, neurosis, degenerative pain, sexualized behavior, school/learning problems and behavior problems including substance abuse, self-destructive behavior, brute cruelty, crime in adulthood and the worst, suicide. Long term negative effects on development leading to repeated or additional victimization in adulthood are also associated with child sexual abuse.There are two contrasting adaptive styles in sexual abuse victims. One adaption schema seeks mastery through active repetition of the trauma, while the other adaption copes by avoiding sexual stimuli. Victims of childhood sexual abuse may exhibit mood disorders including chronic anxiety, depression, delayed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety attacks, and hysterical symptoms. Victims of sexual abuse may also experience difficulties in intimate relationships and express a sense of alienation, isolation, stigmatization, and a negative self-image. There is a wide variety of psychological conditions that have been documented in sexually abused children, with a higher-than-average tendency toward repetition of either being victimized at the hands of an adult or victimization of children.Arguments that Aroused about PedophiliaIn our type of society, pedophile sex is considered both a moral offense and a crime that deserves a truly, serious punishment. There are two further arguments against pedophilia behind both its moral disapprobation and legal prohibition. First, sex with minors is wrong because it is non-consensual second, it is harmful to those who are concerned. Both of these arguments have been questioned throughout time. Now, lets look on the way a pedophile is conceive d by the public. The pedophile is often visualized as a dirty old man, a stranger to his victims, who forces himself on children and has a matured sexual intercourse, thus putting them through a frightening and painful experience and inflicting serious and long-term damages on them.The drastic effects of the cases explain why pedophiles are usually called child molesters, and why pedophilia seems to be the most hated of all the sexual variations. What is true is that most pedophiles are men but the majority is young or middle-aged. More often than not, they are not strangers they are likely to be a family, neighbor, or other adults that are known to the victim. The harmful effects of pedophilia on a childs sexual, emotional and personality development are equable a matter of researches and debates rather than an authorized fact.IV. EXAMPLES OF CASES CONCERNING PEDOPHILIA* A 65-year-old youth minister of the First Baptist Church from Sinton, Texas who admitted to molesting a 6-year- old girl shocked a crowd of followers. The story saw this pedophilic Baptist minister through his 37-year jail sentence. I then hooked my thumbs in her waist, the minister said, and put my hands over her groin area, on the outside of her clothing. The first couple of times, she did not say anything, the minister continued. She was more interested in driving. But the second time, when I told her we needed to go home, and she slid over to the passenger seat, the look on her face killed my soul. I felt great remorse for having taken advantage of this child.* A glam-rocker Gary Glitter was convicted of possessing child pornography, but positive child abuse allegations against him were dismissed because his accuser had sold her story in a newspaper. Glitter seems to be a prime example of the predatory pedophile, continually unrepentant, even after going 27 months of imprisonment in Vietnam for offences against two girls he claimed he was teaching English, after already being permanentl y barred from Cambodia in 2002 for sex allegations. This case had led for actions to remove passports from sex offenders.* February 11, 2011 Laval police handled one of the biggest cyber pedophile cases. Sandro Tasillo, 26, is linked to internet sex crimes involving 30 young girls. Police say Tasillo would roam for underage victims on Facebook. He would offer girls money to take off their clothes in front of a webcam. But the money was never delivered, and the photos of the girls were often sold to other pedophiles. Tasillo was formally charged at the Laval courthouse. He faces a total of 40 sex charges. Police believe the 30 victims who have come forward are just the tip of the iceberg. Police are asking other potential victims to contact them as soon as possible. The probe is still ongoing.V. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF PEDOPHILIATreatment for pedophilia emerged as a means to prevent child molestation or as a way to reduce sexual deterioration. That is, pedophilia is treated eit her when a person wants to remedy his pedophile tendencies, or when a person has committed a sexual offense against a child and his pedophilic interests addressed to reduce sexual deterioration. This combines preference-based treatment with programs designed to manage other criminogenic needs.Treatment would change factors known to be related to sex offending. Improvement of these factors would correlate highly and negatively with recidivism. Progress in treatment technology would be reflected in greater reductions in sexual deterioration over time. Treatment outcome studies using random assignment would show greater effect, and better-implemented programs would be more successful.In the earliest stages of behavior alteration therapy, pedophiles may be narrowly viewed as being attracted to inappropriate persons. Such aversive stimuli as electric shocks have been administered to persons undergoing therapy for pedophilia. This approach has not been very successful. Another common for m of treatment for pedophilia is psychotherapy, often of many years duration. It does not have a high rate of success in inducing pedophiles to change their behavior. Pedophilia may also be treated with medications. The three classes of medications most often used to treat pedophilia are female hormones, particularly medroxyprogesterone acetate, or MPA luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, which include such drugs as triptorelin, leuprolide acetate, and goserelin acetate and anti-androgens, which block the uptake and metabolism of testosterone as well as reducing neckcloth levels of this hormone.Most clinical studies of these drugs have been done in Germany, where the legal system has allowed their use in treating repeat sexual offenders since the 1970s. The anti-androgens in particular have been shown to be effective in reducing the rate of recidivism. Making the molester impotent is sometimes offered as a treatment to pedophiles who are repeat offenders or who h ave pleaded unlawful to violent rape. Increasingly, pedophiles are being prosecuted under criminal statutes and being sentenced to prison terms. Imprisonment removes them from society for a period of time but does not usually remove their pedophilic tendencies. Many countries have begun to publish the names of persons being released from prison after serving time for pedophilia. Legal challenges to this practice are pending in various authorities. Some recommendations for the treatment of pedophilia are the following1. Risk assessment using a well-supported measure2. Education of the client, his spouse or partner, family members and close friends 3. Behavioral treatments targeting pedophilic sexual arousal 4. Monitoring of pedophilic clients in terms of access to child pornography, unsupervised contacts with children, and potential disinhibitors such as alcohol or drug use 5. Drug treatments targeting sex drive for higher-risk individuals 6. Cognitive-behavioral and behavioral trea tments targeting general risk factors for criminal behavior such as antisocial attitudes and beliefs, association with antisocial peers, and substance abusePreventionThe main method for preventing pedophilia is avoiding situations that may promote pedophilic acts. Children should never be allowed to engage in one-on-one situations with any adult other than their parents or trustworthy family members. Having another youth or adult as an observer provides some security for those who are concerned. Conferences and other activities can be conducted to provide privacy while still within sight of others. Children should be taught to yell or run if they are faced with an uncomfortable situation.They should also be taught that it is delicious to scream or call for help in such situations. Another basis of preventing pedophilia is education. Children must be taught to avoid situations that make them defenseless to pedophiles. Adults who work with youth must be taught to avoid situations tha t may promote pedophilia. Many states have adopted legislation that requires background investigations of any adult who works with children. These persons may be paid, such as teachers, or they may be volunteers in a youth-serving organization.VI. CONCLUSIONIt is very evident that pedophilia is a serious problem of many countries. The alarming rate of pedophile cases must serve as an eye opener to our government, for them to take a serious look and enforce laws that give legal punishment to those who are proven guilty of this crime. Our justice system must be on its track to convict the culprit. Everyone should be responsible in handling this horrible crime.Laws against child abuse and neglect should be strengthened and each one of us should be informed about the terrible effects that this crime would cause. But, let us not only put the pressure to the government in solving this problem. We, in our own families, should be the first to take extra care to our own selves. Our family sh ould be strong and open communication should be observed for the better.Help each other to protect our youth, because as the face goes, The youth is the hope of our Fatherland.B I B L I O G R A P H YAmerican Psychiatric Association. Profile of a Pedophile. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Arlington, USA American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2006. Clark, Robin. et al. The Encyclopedia of Child Abuse. New York Infobase Publishing, 1998. Flisk, Dr. elevated Louden-Hans. Sexual Abuse. Father, Deliver Us from Evil. USA By the Author, 2004. Gabbard, Glen. Summary and Recommendations on Psychological Treatments. Gabbards Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. USA American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2007. Greenberg, Jerrold. et al. The Pedophiliac. Exploring the Dimensions of valet de chambre Sexuality. Canada Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011. Laws, D. Richard and ODonohue, William. Pedophilia Treatment. Sexual Deviance Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. USA Th e Guilford Press, 2008. Murray, David. The Homosexualization of Pedophilia. Homophobias Lust and Loathing across Time and Space. USA Duke University Press, 2009. Primoratz, Igor. Whats wrong with Pedophilia?. Ethics and Sex. London Routledge, 1999. Soble, Alan. Pedophilia. Sex from Plato to Paglia A Philosophical Encyclopedia. USA Greenwood Press, 2006. Vito, Gennaro. et al. The Criminal Justice Response. Criminology Theory, Research and Policy. Canada Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., 2007. Internet Sourcesen.wikipedia.orgwww.medicinenet.comwww.minddisorders.com